How reaction time works in the brain

What milliseconds really say about your nervous system and everyday performance.

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When you run a simple reaction test on Reaction Test — Level 1, it may feel like a basic click game. In reality, your score condenses a long chain of events into a single number in milliseconds.

1. The full reaction time chain

A typical “wait for green, then click” task combines several stages of processing:

  1. Detection – light hits the retina and triggers photoreceptors.
  2. Transmission – signals travel through the optic nerve and thalamus.
  3. Perception – visual cortex turns raw input into “the screen changed”.
  4. Decision – premotor areas decide “now it is time to click”.
  5. Motor command – motor cortex activates finger muscles.
  6. Movement – the command runs down the spinal cord to the hand.

All of this unfolds in a fraction of a second. The number you see after a trial is the sum of these steps plus device and browser delays.

2. What counts as a “good” simple reaction time?

In healthy adults using a normal keyboard or mouse on a laptop or desktop:

The important part is the pattern, not a single heroic attempt. Your nervous system is noisy: any one trial can be unusually fast or slow.

3. Why nerves are fast but the brain is slower

Fast sensory and motor fibres conduct on the order of tens of metres per second. This means that pure signal travel from eye to brain or brain to hand is quick – often just a few milliseconds.

The bigger bottleneck is in cortical processing and decision initiation. The brain must recognise that the stimulus is real, not noise, and trigger an action at the right moment. This processing cost dominates your reaction time.

4. Hardware and software latency

Your scores also reflect properties of your device, not just your biology:

This is why it is best to compare yourself to yourself using the same device and browser, rather than to other people using unknown setups.

5. Simple vs choice reaction time

Our Reaction Test — Level 2 adds a small decision: you must react only to some targets. This is closer to real situations, where you rarely respond to every stimulus.

Compared with simple reaction time, choice reaction time usually:

6. Day-to-day factors that move your score

Several common factors shift reaction times without changing your basic ability:

7. How to use reaction tests intelligently

Rather than chasing the single best number you can produce, treat reaction time as a small monitoring tool:

If you notice large, persistent changes in your response speed, mood or functioning, it can be useful to discuss them with a qualified professional. Online tests are not diagnostic, but they can help you notice trends.

These notes are for general education only and do not diagnose any condition or replace medical or psychological care. Use your results as one data point, not a verdict on your abilities.